Import Checkstyle Project

Select File > Import > Maven > Existing Maven Projects

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Debug

Open the Check's source file by double click on it in a source tree as is shown:

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Debug the Check by putting the breakpoint at controversial place (double-click) on the left part of line number as it is shown:

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Then right-click the corresponding Unit-test file or class definition > Debug As > JUnit Test

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Then manage you debug operations by F6 (Step Over), F5 (Step Into), F7 (Step Return) and F8 (Resume)